Construct Validity of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Research that examines the construct validity of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic has never been conducted. This study aimed to test the construct validity of Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI) on the five dimensions to see the consistency of the PTGI dimensionality structure. Data collection was carried out on 135 COVID-19 survivors, aged 18–40 in Indonesia. Analysis was carried out by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance (MI). The results of the analysis proved that PTGI is a measuring instrument that tends to be multidimensional and reliable to be used in Indonesia. All model fit indices met the parameters based on the values of SRMR (<.06), RMSEA (<.10), CFI (>.85), and TLI (>.85). Factor loadings ranged from 0.616 to 0.839 except for item 6 and item 9, which were below 0.6. These low loading factors in item 6 and item 9 were caused by the choice of translated words which tend to be less precise with the dimension being measured. Recommendations related to changes in translated words were explained further in the article as a follow-up to the adjustment of the item statement. Other factors such as personality characteristics, level of self-esteem, and social stigma were also found to be associated with the results of the analysis. MI testing showed that the PTGI model was not influenced by gender in the study sample group. © 2023, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University (UIN) Jakarta. All rights reserved.

Real-time, leukocyte-related, four times validated, patient data partitioning

Introduction: Indicators that assess relationships among leukocytes may inform more and/or earlier than those measured in isolation. Method(s): Blood leukocyte differential counts collected from 101 Mayo Clinic COVID-19 patients were related to later outcomes following two approaches: (i) as unstructured data (e.g., lymphocyte percentages) and (ii) as data structures that assess intercellular interactions. Analyzing the same primary data, it was asked whether information contents differed among methods and/or when two sets of structured indicators are used. Result(s): While unstructured data did not distinguish survivors from non-survivors (Fig. 1, rectangle A), one data structure (here identified with letters expressed in italics) exhibited one perpendicular inflection that differentiated two patient groups (B). Two survivor-related observations were also distinguished from the remaining data points (B). A second data structure also revealed a single line of observations and a perpendicular data inflection (C), while more (four) patient groups were identified (D). Four validations were conducted: (i) increasing mortality levels among contiguous data subsets (0, 7.1, 16.2, or 44.4%) suggested construct validity (D);(ii) internal validity was indicated because 22 of the 45 survivors detected by the first data structure were also captured by the second one;(iii) the analysis of patients that differed in address, co-morbidities and other aspects supported external validity;and (iv) quasi non-overlapping data intervals predicted statistical validity (E, F). The structured approach also uncovered new and/ or dissimilar information: different leukocyte-related ratios explained the clusters identified in these analyses (E, F). Conclusion(s): Structured data may yield more information than methods that do not assess multicellular interactions. Possible applications include daily, longitudinal, and personalized analysis of hospital data.

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of the Spanish Burnout Inventory Among Professionals Across 17 Countries and Regions.

Studies on the prevalence of burnout in professionals in service organizations who work in direct contact with the clients or users of the organization have concluded that burnout is a serious health disorder that has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic. A significant advantage of the Spanish Burnout Inventory (SBI) over other instruments is that it provides a broader conceptualization of burnout by including feelings of guilt as a dimension of burnout to explain its development. However, the measurement invariance of the SBI across countries has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to test the measurement invariance of the SBI among professionals across 17 countries and regions in Europe, Latin America, and Asia, and in different languages. All the countries showed a good fit to the four-factor model, except the Indian sample, which was excluded from the measurement invariance study. Using the alignment method, it was possible to verify the scalar measurement invariance of the four SBI factors across 15 countries and one Spanish region (16 samples). The comparison of estimated latent means indicates that France is the country with the lowest scores on the Enthusiasm factor and the highest scores on the negative factors (Exhaustion, Indolence, and Guilt). In contrast, the Andean countries, Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador, show the highest latent means on the Enthusiasm factor and the lowest means on the negative factors. These results support the validity of the SBI in the countries and regions in Europe and Latin America included in this study.

Self-care Neglect Of Heart Failure Caregivers Before And Early After The Pandemic Began

Behavioral benefits of the COVID lockdown have been suggested for patients with heart failure (HF) but little is known about the effects of the pandemic on the family and loved ones who care for these patients. The purpose of this study was to compare self-reported self-care neglect among HF caregivers in the months preceding the pandemic (August 2019 through March 2020) to the self-care neglect reported by HF caregivers in the early months of the pandemic (May 2020 through December 2020). Method(s): Baseline data from an ongoing study with HF caregivers were used for this analysis. All potentially eligible caregivers are screened for self-care neglect;those who score >=2 on the 10-item Health Self-Care Neglect scale (construct validity, alpha reliability.90) are eligible for study enrollment. Possible scores range from 0-10;lower is better. Baseline data before randomization were used for this analysis. Before the pandemic, 40 caregivers were enrolled. In the early months after the pandemic began, we enrolled another 55 caregivers. Participants' demographic and clinical characteristics were compared between groups. Regression analysis was used to identify group differences in self-care neglect, adjusting for group differences at baseline. Result(s): The sample of 95 HF caregivers was predominately White (64%), female (89.5%), spouses (66%), age 54.7 +/- 13.5 years, and caregiving 9.2 +/- 8 hours/day. Only sex differed significantly between the groups;pre-pandemic the sample was 97.5% female but during the early months of the pandemic it was 83.6% female. Health Self-Care Neglect scores were higher (worse) pre-pandemic compared to the early months of the pandemic after accounting for sex (5.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4, p=0.04). When individual items on the scale were analyzed, only the proportion of caregivers who put off going to the doctor significantly differed between pre-pandemic (62.5%) and early-pandemic (40%, p=0.03) groups. Conclusion(s): Health Self-care Neglect was higher in HF caregivers before the pandemic began. It may be that the pandemic encouraged caregivers to focus on their health.Copyright © 2022

The Questionnaire "COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude Scale” (COVID-19 VAS): Development and Standardization

The paper presents the results of the study on development and standardization of the "COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude Scale” (COVID-19 VAS) questionnaire. The study sample includes N = 1965 undergraduate, specialist and master students, of which N = 1592 (81%) are women and N = 373 (19%) are men aged 16 to 60 years, mean age M = 24.7, SD = 8.4, Me = 21.0. Study was conducted at Moscow State University of Psychology & Education (MSUPE). The questionnaire structure includes 5 scales identified by the method of exploratory factor analysis: Scale 1 "The benefits of vaccination against COVID-19 for an individual and society", Scale 2 "Fear of incidental effects of vaccination against COVID-19 and distrust of information about the vaccination safety", Scale 3 "Denial of the danger of coronavirus and hope for natural immunity”, Scale 4 "Confidence in the serious negative consequences of the coronavirus vaccine” and Scale 5 "Disbelief in the proven international level effectiveness of Russian vaccines”. The construct validity of the questionnaire was statistically proved. Confirmatory factor analysis verified satisfactory goodness-of-fit between the empirical data and the questionnaire structure. The scales are moderately intercorrelated, and the directions of the correlations correspond to the expected ones. The high internal reliability of all scales is statistically confirmed with the Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Satisfactory convergent validity of the corresponding scales of the "COVID-19 Vaccine Attitude Scale (COVID-19 VAS)” with natural science literacy, intelligence and fear of COVID-19 disease is also confirmed. All correlations are weak, but theoretically expected and explainable. The differential validity is statistically proved. Stanines are calculated. The COVID-19 VAS can be recommended for preparation, realization and evaluation of the effectiveness of educational activities on vaccine prevention against COVID-19 among university students. © 2022 National Research University Higher School of Economics. All rights reserved.

Cross-cultural validation of 'Students' knowledge and use of digital technology during the COVID-19 pandemic' questionnaire to the Peruvian context

To obtain useful, valid, and reliable results, it is essential to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation process when using measurement instruments developed in other cultures, contexts, and populations with a different language from the original one. An instrumental study was conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the 'Students' knowledge and use of digital technology during the COVID-19 pandemic' questionnaire, developed in another context and different culture from the original one. The participants were 139 students of the Communications program of a private higher education institute in Lima, selected by non-probabilistic convenience sampling. The study presents a proposal consisting of eight factors and 56 items, as opposed to the original structure composed of seven factors and 77 items. The analyses show that the instrument is valid and reliable among the population under study. © 2022 IEEE.

Psychometric properties of the assessment of COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors

Developing psychometrically validated assessment tools to examine social and intergroup processes related to COVID-19 is fundamental for creating interventions that reduce the spread of this virus. Thus, this manuscript aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of a new measure, Assessment of COVID-19 Attitudes and Behaviors (ACAB), that assesses COVID-19-related attitudes (e.g., about physical distancing, xenophobia), behaviors (e.g., helping others versus prioritizing own needs), and beliefs (e.g., about others' roles in spreading COVID-19). We used exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA, CFA) to provide factor analytic support and Fisher's r-to-z transformation to provide construct validity evidence. EFA revealed and CFA confirmed a four-factor structure of social distancing adjustment, self-prioritization, prosocial behaviors, and belief in conspiracies. Fisher's r-to-z transformation provided evidence for the construct validity of the four factors. This psychometrically validated instrument will enhance social science researchers' ability to accurately identify and explicate psychological processes related to COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Psychometric development and validation of Ostracism Experience Scale (OES): Across sample of young adults from Pakistan

Purpose: Ostracism is being socially ignored or excluded by others. Ostracism leads to serious psychological distress and health issues in the young adults being ostracized. However, there are no psychometrically designed instruments to measure this phenomenon in young adults. This study aims to develop a scale that measures ostracism efficiently and establishes the scale's psychometric properties. Design/methodology/approach: The research design used for the study is "a mixed-method study using non-experimental research with an exploratory sequential approach and instrument development design." For the formation of the item pool, theoretical evidence was collected and focus group discussions were conducted. Afterward, content validity was established with the help of subject matter experts, followed by Velicer's minimum average partial method and maximum likelihood factor analysis to form the instrument's factorial structure. Findings: Velicer's minimum average partial method and maximum likelihood factor analysis made two factors as follows: ostracism experience and psychological effect. The instrument developed has a high value of alpha reliability i.e. a = 0.97 and a = 0.96, a = 0.92 for the subscales, respectively. Research limitations/implications: The sample used for the research was enough to run the analysis, but future studies can go for a more extensive and more diverse sample. The sample was based solely on university students. The current research focused only on the target of the phenomenon, and the whole research process was conducted online because of the Covid-19 pandemic going on. The scale developed can be used in several settings to find out if the individual is being ostracized or not. Practical implications: The scale's most important implication is in the colleges and universities where young adults are found and face this problem daily. Likewise, psychologists can also use it in clinical settings. The other important implication of this scale is that it is opening a route to future research as different variables can be studied in ostracism such as depression, physical health and anxiety. Social implications: Ostracism is a hidden evil in societies that is not usually talked about. When people are not given equal importance in groups or settings, it leads to serious psychological issues in those individuals. This scale will in the identification of the problem that will lead to a proper solution to this evil. Originality/value: This work is original and not copied from anywhere. The research was conducted with the sole purpose of developing a scale on the ostracism experiences in young adults. The data is collected in the form of online surveys. The current scale is an attempt at developing a more reliable and valid scale that can be used in social settings. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory: A validation study.

The Pandemic Anxiety Inventory (PAI) assesses anxiety symptoms individuals attribute to the presence of a pandemic. We conducted this study of 379 British adults during the COVID-19 pandemic and found that the PAI exhibited excellent reliability and solid criterion validity. Pandemic anxiety was associated with reduced social support, anticipated life changes, financial strain, job loss, economic insecurity, and the hospitalization or death of a close friend or relative. Using correlational and bifactor analyses, we found that the PAI demonstrated solid convergent and discriminant validity. The findings suggest that the PAI can be used in research and clinical practice.

Is It Teacher Leadership? Validation of the Five Features of Teacher Leadership Framework and Self-Determination Guide

When teachers have a practical, easy to use tool to self-assess acts of teacher leadership, they are better equipped to develop as leaders by self-determining to whom or what they are committed (relatedness), what they know and can do (competence), and when and how to act (autonomy). The purpose of this mixed methods study was to assess the validity of the Five Features of Teacher Leadership Framework and Self-Determination Guide (FFTL) through field testing by credentialed teacher leaders. Twenty-five credentialed teacher leaders representing all six regions of the United States participated in the study. The FFTL was favorably viewed by all 25 teacher leaders, revealing reasonably strong confidence in the tool's face, content, and construct validity. The findings suggest that participants considered the FFTL credible enough to trust as a guide for self-determining acts of teacher leadership. By describing an act of teacher leadership and using the FFTL to self-determine the degree to which the act accomplished the five core features of teacher leadership, the teacher leaders in this study were empowered to grow and develop as leaders privately, in their own way, and at their own pace. More research is needed.

Construction and standardization of toolkit of numeracy skills

India is facing learning crisis as close to 5 crore children in elementary school, lacks numeracy and literacy skills mentioned in draft NEP, 2019.ASER (2021) reported that COVID 2019 has worsen the situation, as only 10 per cent of the kids studying grade III to V in government schools can solve a subtraction problem. National Curriculum Frameworks, time to time has expressed the need to bring changes in the areas of teaching, learning and assessment for qualitative improvement in the school education system in India.If we want to bridge the learning gap, we need to provide the suitable interventions. For that purpose, we need to know where students are on the skill continuum and specifically the learning areas which need attention. Traditional pen paper test or examination is designed to test their knowledge on the bases of content, not on competence. This paper endeavors to construct standardized a simple, cost effective and easy to administer screening assessment toolkit to check the competence based numeracy skills for grade three. Final draft of the toolkit is comprised of 9 items. Reliability of the toolkit was found by test re-test method and it was .89. Content validity and construct validity of the toolkit was also established.

VALIDATION OF THE PATIENT HEALTH QUESTIONNAIRE-9 (PHQ-9) IN HUMAN MEDICINE INTERNS AT A REFERENCE UNIVERSITY IN PERU DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

Introduction: Currently, major depressive disorder generates a high burden of disease in the general population, which is usually higher in medical students. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) is a widely used instrument in the general population to assess the severity of depression in primary care. Objective: To validate the factorial structure of the PHQ-9 questionnaire in human medicine interns at a reference university in Peru. Methods: An observational, cross-sectional and instrumental design was used. We worked with a sample of 343 human medicine interns. From the responses to the questionnaire, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated, as well as the factorial analysis to determine the construct validity of this instrument in the target population. Results: Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 88.2%, the item/test conversion coefficients presented values greater than 0.5. A value greater than 0.05 was obtained for the chi2 goodness-of-fit test for the model, as well as results greater than 0.9 for the model's goodness-of-fit coefficients. Conclusion: The factorial structure of the PHQ-9 has adequate validity and reliability in the population of human medicine interns.

The Psychometric Evaluation of the Immune Status Questionnaire in Indonesia

Immunity is one of the key factors in Covid-19 transmission, thus, assessments of immune status are essential for evaluating transmission risks. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Immune Status Questionnaire (ISQ), a recently developed immune status measure, among Indonesian adults, during COVID-19 Pandemic. Online Indonesian translated version of the ISQ and the Short Form 12 (SF-12) for measuring health-related quality of life were completed by 296 Indonesian adults (58% female, mean age=45±19 years old). Out of those, 102 (34%) completed a second survey one week later for the test-retest reliability assessment. The internal consistency reliability was assessed in both surveys. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to assess the construct validity. Correlations among ISQ items and between ISQ with SF-12 component summary were computed to assess the instruments’ convergent and divergent validities. Acceptable internal consistency reliabilities for the ISQ were found in the first and second surveys ( a=0.87 and 0.82, respectively). Each ISQ item demonstrated excellent test-retest reliability, with intraclass correlations ranging from 0.70 to 0.88. A good fit of the data was found with a root mean square error of approximation of 0.069, after a model modification. Correlations among ISQ components and between ISQ with SF-12 components provided sufficient evidence for convergent validity of the scale while divergent validity was partially supported. The validity and reliability of the Indonesian translated version of the ISQ for use in Indonesian adults are sufficiently demonstrated. The algorithm for computing ISQ in Indonesian adults, however, warrants further investigation.

Parental Burnout in Hungary: Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Hungarian Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA-HUN)

Introduction: Parental burnout might take place when excessive demands overwhelm the parents' resources. Aims: To develop and validate the Hungarian version of the Parental Burnout Assessment (PBA-HUN), an instrument designed to measure parental burnout;and to determine the prevalence of parental burnout in Hungary. Methods: Data were collected via an online survey from parents with at least one child living in the household (N = 1215;82.6% mothers;Mage = 38.68 years;SDage = 6.27 years). Confirmatory factor analysis was used to investigate the factor structure of the PBA-HUN.Results: The four-factor structure of the original PBA was replicated, confirming the following factors: exhaustion in one's parental role, contrast with one's parental role, feelings of being fed up, and emotional distancing from one's children. A second-order model with a higher-order factor representing overall parental burnout also fit the data well. The internal consistency of both the subscale and total scores was excellent (α ≥ 0.84). Parental burnout had a moderately strong negative correlation with life satisfaction, and weak or moderate positive correlations with perceived stress, depression, vital exhaustion, and COVID-specific perceived stress supporting the construct validity of the PBA-HUN. The prevalence of parental burnout stood at 5.8% in this sample. The weak relationship between PBA-HUN scores and sociodemographic factors was also similar to those found in prior studies. Parental burnout correlated negatively with the number of hours spent sleeping and engaging in spare time activity, respectively. Conclusions: The PBA-HUN is a reliable and valid tool to assess parental burnout in Hungary.

Development of a Scale for COVID-19 Stigma and Its Psychometric Properties: A Study among Pregnant Japanese Women.

BACKGROUND: Stigma towards COVID-19 may negatively impact people who suffer from it and those supporting and treating them. OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a scale to assess 11-item COVID-19-related stigma. METHODS: A total of 696 pregnant women at a gestational age of 12 to 15 weeks were surveyed using an online survey with a newly developed scale for COVID-19 stigma and other variables. The internal consistency of the scale was calculated using omega indices. We also examined the measurement invariance of the scale. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) of the scale items were conducted using a halved sample (n = 350). Confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) among the other halved sample (n = 346) compared the single-, two-, three-, and four-factor structure models derived from the EFAs. The best model included the following three-factor structure (χ2/df = 2.718, CFI = 0.960, RMSEA = 0.071): Omnidirectional Avoidance, Attributional Avoidance, and Hostility. Its internal consistency was excellent (all omega indices > 0.70). The three-factor structure model showed configuration, measurement, and structural invariances between primiparas and multiparas, and between younger (less than 32 years) and older women (32 years or older). Fear of childbirth, mother-fetal bonding, obsessive compulsive symptoms, depression, adult attachment self-model, and borderline personality traits were not significantly correlated with the Omnidirectional Avoidance subscale but correlated with the Attributional Avoidance and Hostility subscales (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: The findings suggested that our scale for COVID-19 stigma was robust in its factor structure, as well as in construct validity.

The Motors of COVID-19 Vaccination Acceptance Scale (MoVac-COVID19S): Measurement Invariant Evidence for Its Nine-Item Version in Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia.

Background: As the number of COVID-19 cases grows worldwide, one solution to the global pandemic is vaccination. Unfortunately, the hesitancy of receiving vaccines is still high, particularly among younger age groups (eg, students). Because the hesitancy of receiving vaccines is an important issue, instruments have been developed to assess vaccine hesitancy. Moreover, the use of these instruments among specific groups such as students is of critical importance. Aim: The present study examined the psychometric properties of the nine-item MoVac-COVID19S (also known as the DrVac-COVID19S) including its measurement invariance among university students in three different countries (ie, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia). Methods: A multi-country, web-based cross-sectional survey study was conducted among 1809 university students, recruited from the three countries from May to September 2021. The nine-item scale was translated into Traditional Chinese, Bahasa Indonesian, and Malay. Results: The results of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the one-factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S was fully supported among Indonesian and Malay participants (comparative fit index [CFI] = 0.991 and 0.998; Tucker-Lewis index [TLI] = 0.997 and 0.987; root mean sqaure error of approximation [RMSEA] = 0.040 and 0.071; and standardized root mean square residual [SRMR] = 0.014 and 0.039). Moreover, the four-factor structure was supported among Indonesian, Malay, and Taiwanese participants (CFI = 0.998, 0.998, and 0.985; TLI = 0.997, 0.996, and 0.973; RMSEA = 0.044, 0.038, and 0.091; and SRMR = 0.013, 0.018, and 0.049). Conclusion: The MoVac-COVID19S has good construct validity among university students from three different countries (ie, Taiwan, Indonesia, and Malaysia). The four-factor structure of the MoVac-COVID19S was supported. Therefore, health-care providers may want to assess the four underlying constructs to better understand why a university student accepts or declines COVID-19 vaccine uptake in the three countries. Using the findings, government policymakers and health-care authorities can design appropriate programs to help decrease vaccine hesitancy.

Factors determining cognitive research abilities in college students during the covid-19 pandemic

Among the primary objectives of higher education is to train researchers capable of providing solutions to specific problems. In this task, there are a series of events that need to be elucidated. The purpose of the research work was to explain the factors that determine cognitive research abilities. The study was developed with a mixed approach and a concurrent triangulation design that allowed corroborating qualitative and quantitative data simultaneously. The sample consisted of 303 university students from a public institution to whom two questionnaires were applied linked to factors that determine cognitive abilities in research, which were subjected to construct validity through the exploratory analysis of the factor with the theta coefficient (θ = 0.790) and omega (ω = 0.778);while, in the case of investigative capacities, it was theta (θ = 0.650) and omega (ω = 0.692). Both cases showed an acceptable level of reliability. The semi-structured interview was used for experts and students. The factor that determined the research capacity was the orientation of the teacher of the research methodology in 29% and the initial research training factor in 16%;while the factor that did not determine the investigative capacity was research ethics. 32.3% of the students have developed research skills of reflection, specifically, in the search, choice and argumentation of the background of the research work and the problematic situation.

The Subjective Quality of Time as an Object of Psychological Assessment

The paper is focused at the development and validation of a psychometric scale of the subjective quality of time. The subjective quality of time is the measure of fullness with which one can experience a certain period of time, or the time associated with certain activity. Based on this, we aimed to develop a scale for measuring the subjective quality of time. The original version of the scale included 15 bipolar rating scales. In the process of testing and improving the psychometric characteristics of the inventory, the number of scales was reduced to 5. The one-factor model for 5 statements showed an acceptable fit to the data (multigroup model in Mplus 8.4, MLR statistic: X2(20) = 36.10, p = 0.015, CFI = 0.963, RMSEA = 0.089, 90% CI [0.039;0.134], SRMR = 0.036). The reliability of the scale (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from 0.79 to 0.87 in different samples. Several studies have focused on the construct validity of the new measure. In the study about the characteristics of self-regulation of hatha yoga practitioners, the assessment of the quality of time of yoga practice was significantly higher than the assessment of the quality of time for filling out questionnaires (Student's t-test: p<0.001;d = 1.22). In another study of psychological and behavioral responses to the Covid-19 pandemic, the scale of the subjective quality of time was offered to a sample of students as part of a set of measures. As we expected, against the background of the unfolding pandemic, assessment of the quality of time for the last month was significantly lower than for the previous year. It also significantly correlated with other indicators of subjective well-being. There were no significant links between the assessment of the quality of time over the past month and over the past year with emotions and fears caused by the coronavirus pandemic.

Validation of stress assessment instruments related to the COVID-19 pandemic in pregnant women

Background: The Pandemic Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS) is an instrument that assesses pandemic-related stress in pregnant women. Objective: This study aimed to validate the Indonesian version of the Pandemic Related Pregnancy Stress Scale (PREPS). Methods: Validation procedures include forward and backward translation, pretest and cognitive interview, construct validity test, and instrument reliability test. Pregnant women involved in this study agreed to participate with informed consent. Results: The results of the construct validity test showed that each item of the PREPS questionnaire statement had an rcount > rtable (α=0.01;df=28), starting from the lowest 0.562 to the largest 0.847, with an rtable value (α=0.01;df = 28) equal to 0.3610. The Cronbach's alpha value of 0.841 indicates good reliability of the scale. Conclusion: The Indonesian version of the PREPS is valid and has good reliability.

[Construct validity in structural perspectives of the Questionnaire for medical checkup of old-old among community-dwelling older adults: A pilot study of a countermeasure against COVID-19].

AIM: This study aimed to clarify the construct validity of the Questionnaire for medical checkup of old-old (QMCOO). METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, questionnaires including the QMCOO were distributed to 1,953 older adults, and responses were returned by mail. We conducted an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) for the QMCOO among older participants (age ≥75 years) and extracted the relevant factors. Next, we structured the model for the QMCOO based on these factors and conducted a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) using structural equation modeling. We conducted a CFA among young-older participants (age 65 to <75 years) for the same model. RESULTS: Of the 1,110 (53.5%) adults who responded, data from the 994 respondents who provided complete answers were analyzed. Five factors were extracted from the results of the EFA: physical and mental condition, relationship with society, eating and smoking, chance for exercise, and cognitive function. The results of the CFA were as follows: comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.899, adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI) = 0.965, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.034, and standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.040. Meanwhile, the results for young-older participants were as follows: CFI = 0.886, AGFI = 0.942, RMSEA = 0.035, and SRMR = 0.048. CONCLUSIONS: The QMCOO assessed health condition and was composed of multiple factors associated with frailty. The CFA results indicated that the model fit was good. The QMCOO showed sufficient structural validity. Therefore, the construct validity of the QMCOO was shown.